Working with entity relationships¶

In Pony, an entity can relate to other entities through relationship attributes. Each relationship always has two ends, and is defined by two entity attributes:

class Person(db.Entity):
    cars = Set('Car')

class Car(db.Entity):
    owner = Optional(Person)

In the example above we’ve defined one-to-many relationship between the Person and Car entities using the Person.cars and Car.owner attributes.

Let’s add a couple more data attributes to our entities:

from pony.orm import *

db = Database()

class Person(db.Entity):
    name = Required(str)
    cars = Set('Car')

class Car(db.Entity):
    make = Required(str)
    model = Required(str)
    owner = Optional(Person)

db.bind('sqlite', ':memory:')
db.generate_mapping(create_tables=True)

Now let’s create instances of Person and Car entities:

>>> p1 = Person(name='John')
>>> c1 = Car(make='Toyota', model='Camry')
>>> commit()

Normally, in your program, you don’t need to call the function commit() manually, because it should be called automatically by the db_session(). But when you work in the interactive mode, you never leave a db_session(), that is why we need to commit manually if we want to store data in the database.

Establishing a relationship¶

Right after we’ve created the instances p1 and c1, they don’t have an established relationship. Let’s check the values of the relationship attributes:

>>> print c1.owner
None

>>> print p1.cars
CarSet([])

The attribute cars has an empty set.

Now let’s establish a relationship between these two instances:

>>> c1.owner = p1

If we print the values of relationship attributes now, then we’ll see the following:

>>> print c1.owner
Person[1]

>>> print p1.cars
CarSet([Car[1]])

When we assigned an owner to the Car instance, the Person.cars relationship attribute reflected the change immediately.

We also could establish a relationship by assigning the relationship attribute during the creation of the Car instance:

>>> p1 = Person(name='John')
>>> c1 = Car(make='Toyota', model='Camry', owner=p1)

In our example the attribute owner is optional, so we can assign a value to it at any time, either during the creation of the Car instance, or later.

Operations with collections¶

The attribute Person.cars is represented as a collection and hence we can use regular operations that applicable to collections: add(), remove(), in, len(), clear().

You can add or remove relationships using the Set.add() and Set.remove() methods:

>>> p1.cars.remove(Car[1])
>>> print p1.cars
CarSet([])

>>> p1.cars.add(Car[1])
>>> print p1.cars
CarSet([Car[1]])

You can check if a collection contains an element:

>>> Car[1] in p1.cars
True

Or make sure that there is no such element in the collection:

>>> Car[1] not in p1.cars
False

Check the collection length:

>>> len(p1.cars)
1

If you need to create an instance of a car and assign it with a particular person instance, there are several ways to do it. One of the options is to call the create() method of the collection attribute:

>>> p1.cars.create(model='Toyota', make='Prius')
>>> commit()

Now we can check that a new Car instance was added to the Person.cars collection attribute of our instance:

>>> print p1.cars
CarSet([Car[2], Car[1]])
>>> p1.cars.count()
2

You can iterate over a collection attribute:

>>> for car in p1.cars:
...     print car.model

Toyota
Camry

Attribute lifting¶

In Pony, the collection attributes provides the attribute lifting capability: the collection obtains its items’ attributes:

>>> show(Car)
class Car(Entity):
    id = PrimaryKey(int, auto=True)
    make = Required(str)
    model = Required(str)
    owner = Optional(Person)
>>> p1 = Person[1]
>>> print p1.cars.model
Multiset({u'Camry': 1, u'Prius': 1})

Here we print out the entity declaration using the show() function and then print the value of the model attribute of the cars relationship attribute. The cars attribute has all the attributes of the Car entity: id, make, model and owner. In Pony we call this a Multiset and it is implemented using a dictionary. The dictionary’s key represents the value of the attribute - ‘Camry’ and ‘Prius’ in our example. And the dictionary’s value shows how many times it encounters in this collection.

>>> print p1.cars.make
Multiset({u'Toyota': 2})

Person[1] has two Toyotas.

We can iterate over the multiset:

>>> for m in p1.cars.make:
...     print m
...
Toyota
Toyota

Collection attribute parameters¶

Here is the list options that you can apply to collection attributes:

Example:

class Photo(db.Entity):
    tags = Set('Tag', table='photo_to_tag', column='tag_id')

class Tag(db.Entity):
    photos = Set(Photo)

Collection attribute queries and other methods¶

Starting with the release 0.6.1, Pony introduces queries for the relationship attributes.

You can use the following methods of the relationship attribute for retrieving data:

See the Collection attribute methods part of th API Reference for more details.

Below you can find several examples of using these methods. We’ll use the University schema for showing these queries, here are python entity definitions and Entity-Relationship diagram.

The example below selects all students with the gpa greater than 3 within the group 101:

g = Group[101]
g.students.filter(lambda student: student.gpa > 3)[:]

This query can be used for displaying the second page of group 101 student’s list ordered by the name attribute:

g.students.order_by(Student.name).page(2, pagesize=3)

The same query can be also written in the following form:

g.students.order_by(lambda s: s.name).limit(3, offset=3)

The following query returns two random students from the group 101:

g.students.random(2)

And one more example. This query returns the first page of courses which were taken by Student[1] in the second semester, ordered by the course name:

s = Student[1]
s.courses.select(lambda c: c.semester == 2).order_by(Course.name).page(1)